How to Lay a Tile Floor
DIY Projects, Featured, Flooring, Kitchens and Baths by Jared Libby
Laying a tile floor is not as hard as you might think and can save the expense of having it professionally installed. To get started you’ll need:
Tools:
- Pencil
- Tape measure
- Level
- Speed square
- Notched trowel
- Rubber float
- Grout sponge
- Tile spacers
- Power drill
- Mixing paddle
- 5-gallon buckets
- Kneepads
- Safety glasses and earplugs
- Scoring cutter or wet saw
- Handsaw or jamb saw
Materials:
- Tile
- Thin-set mortar
- Cement backer board
- Cement board screws
- Grout
- Sealer
Measuring Floor
Measure your floor carefully and calculate the number of square feet needed.
- For square or rectangular rooms, multiply the length of the room by the width, rounding all measurements up to the nearest foot.
- Divide odd shaped rooms into square or rectangular sections. Calculate the square footage for each section and add them together.
Purchasing Tile
Tile comes in a wide variety of sizes, styles, and colors. Keep these points in mind when deciding on your tile:
- If this is your first tile project, keep the layout and pattern simple.
- Large tiles work well in a big area but can dominate smaller rooms.
- Consider tiles with a rough or textured finish, since glossy surfaces can be slippery when wet.
- Buy 10% – 15% more tile than needed to account for breakage, mistakes, and future replacement.
Surface Preparation
Start by removing the existing flooring. Scrape off any residual adhesives or mortar, and clean the floor thoroughly.
Check to see that the subfloor is flat and level. Fill any low spots and cracks in a concrete subfloor with concrete patching compound. For wood framing, make sure the subfloor is dry, rigid, and securely attached to the joists.
Never apply tile directly to plywood or a wood subfloor. Instead, cover it with cement backer board using corrosion resistant screws that are countersunk flush with the surface.
Trim the bottom of the door jambs so the tile will fit under them using either a handsaw or jamb saw (available to rent at tool rental centers).
Layout
Consider how the tile can best be laid out to maximize aesthetic appeal and minimize cutting. The tile can either be centered on the floor, or full tiles can be used along the most visible walls. When laying out the floor:
- Check square: Measure the length of each wall, and the diagonals from corner to corner. The room is square if opposite walls are the same length and the diagonals match.
- Establish Guidelines: Pop chalk lines on the floor parallel to the walls to act as guides for laying the tile.
Laying Tile
Mix up thin-set mortar in a 5-gallon bucket using a mixing paddle chucked into a low speed drill. Follow the instructions, being sure to use the correct ratio of water to mortar mix.
Make up only as much mortar mix as can be worked in 15-20 minutes. Keep a bucket of clean water and a sponge handy to wipe off any excess before it sets and to clean tools.
Use a notched trowel to spread the mortar evenly on a small area where you will start laying the tile. Position the tile in the mortar along the guidelines and press into place.
Following the guidelines, position the next tile, using plastic spacers to keep the joints uniform.
Check the alignment of the tiles as you go along to be sure they are both level and straight.
When laying tile, work from the subfloor to avoid putting weight on the new tile, and allow it to set for 24 hours before walking on it. Work backward toward a doorway to keep from working yourself into a corner.
Cutting Tile
Once the full tiles are laid and safe to walk on, cut and fit the partial border tile along the walls. Measure the distance to the wall, minus the width of the grout line, and mark each tile.
A scoring cutter can be used to make straight cuts that extend all the way across a tile. Another option is a wet saw equipped with a diamond tipped blade, which can make both through and partial straight cuts. Both can be rented at tool rental outlets. Be sure to wear eye and ear protection when working with power tools.
Tile nippers can be used to make curved cuts by breaking small amounts off at a time. You can also make several parallel cuts with a wet saw, then break off the excess and fine-tune the cut with nippers.
A handheld grinder with a diamond blade can also make curved cuts. Using a dry grinder on tile produces a lot of dust, so work outside or in a well ventilated area and wear a mask or respirator. A small, handheld wet saw also works well and doesn’t generate dust.
Once the border tiles have been cut to size, apply thin-set to the subfloor. A small, notched margin trowel comes in handy when working in tight places.
Finishing Wall Edges
When fitting border tile next to a wall, leave a small gap that is covered with baseboard or quarter round molding. Another option is to install tile 4” up the wall using thin-set or construction adhesive. Be sure to line up the joints in the baseboard tile with the floor for a continuous look.
Applying Grout
After the tiles are laid and the mortar has set, the joints are filled with grout. Unsanded grout may be used on joints less than 1/8” while larger joints require sanded grout. Clean the joints to remove any dust and debris before filling.
Mix the grout with the recommended amount of water in a 5-gallon bucket using a mixing paddle and power drill. Allow it to sit for 5-10 minutes then stir again. Apply the grout with a rubber float, dragging it across joints at a 45 angle.
Allow the grout to set up for a few minutes, then wipe off any excess using a sponge and bucket of clean water, working at an angle to the tiles. Wring the sponge out frequently and keep the water clean.
Sealing Grout
Once the grout has hardened for the recommended time, apply sealer to the joints using an applicator bottle or foam brush.
7 Comments on “How to Lay a Tile Floor”
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January 10th, 2009 at 11:06 am
I need to know how to install 12 x 12 ceramic tile on a 4′ x 2′5 shower ceilling, do I have to put a prop to hold them in place
January 11th, 2009 at 3:21 pm
help! the tile floor that i am currently installing is misaligned-how did that happen with exact measurements and how do i fix it?
February 2nd, 2009 at 4:32 pm
I am laying a tile floor in the kitchen. How do I allow for the possibility that the dishwasher might someday have to be removed from under the counter? It is already raised to maximum height under the counter.
February 3rd, 2009 at 1:03 pm
Question? Most of the interior flooring of our house is (12×12) tile – it is about 10 years old – and now we are getting hollow sound when you tap the tile and cracking noise when you walk on certain areas of the tile – do you have an easy solution to repair some of the areas or is this a mistake when the tile was layed? We live in Florida six months out of the year. Thank you for your advise.
February 4th, 2009 at 7:00 am
I am a rrofessional installer for Sears and Mr. Abell’s comments are very important. Clearance issues are the biggest problem I run into and create the most added expense to the customer. Rule of thumb is to allow yourself a MINIMUM of 34 inches clearance between the NEW floor surface and the bottom of the countertop. The ideal clearance is 34 3/8″ all the way to the back of the dishwasher opening. That way all Kenmore, Whirpool, and Kitchenaid disthwashers can be rolled in, the front levelers adjusted and you are plumb and square. A Bosch will not even fit into anything less than 34″ so don’t even consider buying. A Maytag will fit into 33 1/2 but will have issues with the lower kick panel and are extremly difficult to hook up utilities.
April 22nd, 2009 at 12:41 pm
WE are laying tile on a sub floor that is on top on concrete. So we have slab, then plywood, then cement backer board,then thinset and tile. Should there be a vapor barrier on top of the slab before the wood in layed down?
We are doing this in new construction to bring up the level of the floor to match the hardwoods. The same question would be over a slab floor what is the correct way to lay hardwood over slab?
thanks,Cher
October 12th, 2009 at 11:43 am
We are a tiling contractor here in Dubai, I would just like to ask what are the Bathroom floor tiles slope requirements going to the floor drain?